The transition to fully organic agricultural production faced challenges but brought benefits to the environment and the local community
Sikkim, a small state in northern India, achieved 100% organic status in 2016, and has received international recognition for its public policies aimed at sustainable agriculture. However, the journey was not without challenges. While local farmers like Tsering Bhutia and Rinchen Lama are looking for ways to adopt new practices, the transition to organic production requires time and commitment.
About 52% of global agricultural land is degraded due to unsustainable agricultural practices such as monoculture and excessive use of pesticides. This highlights the urgency of changing the way food is grown. Sikkim, with its subsistence farms in the hilly areas, has adopted a gradual approach. Since 2003, the state has been committed to a transition process opting for a gradual reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers, which were completely banned in 2014.
Sikkim’s model contrasts with the approach of Sri Lanka, which imposed a sudden ban on chemical inputs in 2021. This decision led to a sharp decline in agricultural production, resulting in food insecurity for a significant portion of the population. Sri Lanka’s experience serves as a reminder about the importance of planned and informed change rather than sudden and poorly communicated changes.
The foundation of organic farming was established in Sikkim even before the policy was formalized. The local population values food grown without chemicals, and practices such as vermicompost and the use of home-made fertilizers have been in use for years. The government also implemented an action plan that emphasized the links between environmental protection and heritage for future generations. This commitment to sustainability is reflected in the enhancement of soil quality and restoration of biodiversity in cultivated areas.
Despite achievements, organic farming in Sikkim continues to face challenges. A recent study showed that many residents still depend on non-organic food purchased in markets. The lack of adequate infrastructure and lack of interest of youth in agriculture represent significant obstacles to the commercialization of organic products. Additionally, changes in political priorities following a change of government also affected support for organic agriculture.
However, there are encouraging signs. Biodiversity such as bee populations are improving, resulting in a significant increase in cardamom production, which depends on pollination. Sustainable agriculture is also boosting tourism in the state, with the number of tourists coming in search of wellness experiences also increasing. However, this popularity raises concerns about the impact of tourism on the delicate ecology.
To truly prosper, Sikkim must move beyond organic food production. The community needs to reevaluate its eating patterns and demand for foreign products, which often require imports from other regions. Advocating an agro-ecological approach can lead to deep changes, promoting practices that benefit both the environment and the living conditions of local farmers.
Therefore, Sikkim represents a model of success, but not without its complexities. The state’s organic journey is an example of how determination and planning can lead to more sustainable agriculture, although replicating this model in other regions may be challenging.
