In the historic conflict over the strategic region of Pirara, Brazil found itself at a disadvantage against the United Kingdom. The territory of 33 thousand square kilometers, equivalent to the state of Alagoas, was vital for access to the Caribbean Sea through the Essequibo River.
The dispute dates back to the 18th century, initiated by a treaty between Portugal and Spain in 1777. After independence, the Pirara remained under Brazilian control, but British missionary presence in the 1830s reduced national influence by converting local indigenous people to Christianity.
Years later, in 1904, the case was taken to an international arbitration court, with King Victor Emanuel III of Italy acting as arbitrator. Despite Brazil’s efforts, including extensive presentation of documents and cartographic maps, the trial favored the British.
The decision gave the British 60% of the disputed territory, giving them strategic access to the Amazon Basin. This was the only time in history that Brazil lost territory in an international dispute.
The decision not only reflects the lasting impact of British imperialism in South America, but also highlights the complexities of international relations that continue to shape regional geopolitics today. The resulting regional tensions still affect diplomatic relations between Brazil, the United Kingdom, and other countries in the region.
